Carbon Capture

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The Company is developing multiple carbon capture and sequestration projects in the western United States.

Basic Approaches

•The two recognized techniques for capturing carbon streams are: (1) from industrial exhaust stack flows, and (2) from the

atmosphere (direct air capture)

•Direct air capture is viable anywhere on Earth but is inefficient. Industrial exhaust stream capture produces significantly higher

concentrations of CO2

•Once carbon is captured: What to do with it?

•Captured CO2 is then processed (proprietary) and

redissolved/mixed in water

•Solution suitable for enhanced oil recovery or commercial/industrial applications – challenge is transporting from source to point of reuse

•For permanent sequestration, solution is injected underground into (ideally) basalt formations and stored permanently,

i.e., CO2 is mineralized within months. 

•Permanent storage is the optimal sequestration solution and creates the highest value for carbon credit sales utilized in project financing

Geographic Areas of the West

Basalt formations are prevalent in the Great Basin and the southeastern Pacific Northwest.  However, there are numerous types of basalt that are characterized by age and other geologic factors, so all basalt is not the same.  Test wells are required to ascertain the nature, layers and attributes before determining whether a particular location is viable for injection wells capable of storing large volumes of captured carbon.

Project Financing

Project financing naturally depends on the specific project.  In general, federal production tax credits combined with other tax benefits and carbon credit sales to third parties will support nonrecourse financing, so the site owner whose facility's carbon is being captured can enjoy ESG benefits at zero or minimal cost.